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CIENCIAS
DE LA SALUD
medicina - fisioterapia - actividad física - psicología - etc.
Das Phänomen Parkour und Freerunning.
Autor
Schwarzer
2017
|
Universidad de Viena
Tipo de publicación
Trabajo Fin de Grado/Máster o similar
Idioma
Alemán
Palabras clave
Resumen
Introduction: Parkour and Freerunning has a non-typical character. Its non-standardization and self-determination represents an interesting field of research. With this quantitative survey, it is possible to collect sport specific motives. Theses empirical findings help to get some deeper insights in motivational reasons for doing Parkour and Freerunning but as well enable comparison with other sports. Purpose: With the use of questionnaire method, this study aimed to discover ways or types of attractions which relate to the fact of Parkour and Freerunning participation. Furthermore, gathered data of motives were used to compare different groups of people what could point out essential statements. Methods: The so called Berner Motiv- und Zielfinventar (BMZI) was modified and therefor used to collect assessments from 135 study participants who were between 16 and 47 years of age. Via varimax rotation and reliability analyses groups of motives could be factorized and so could its internal consistency be checked. T-Test and U-Test determined significant differences. For testing the correlation hypothesis, the Bravais and Pearson correlation was used. Results: Because of the valuations individual formulations of possible motives and its statistical analysis it was possible to collect a large amount of information about people’s motivations. The outcome shows that especially women’s and men’s motives do not really have a large variation. Test persons who did any kind of sport during their childhood exhibit higher motif-assessments to some extent. Age related, especially the values of self-centered motives decrease. Because the term Parkour “and” or “or” Freerunning is a well-known discussion in the Parkour and Freerunning scene, the motive analysis could show some interesting outcomes as well. Conclusion: All those collected information indicate that, because of Parkour’s and Freerunning’s non-standardization and self-determination, the personal challenge which is seen as a joy of movement is the highest motivation for participating Parkour and Freerunning.
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Affordance boundaries are defined by dynamic capabilities of Parkour athletes in dropping from various heights
Autor
Croft & Bertram
2017
|
Frontiers in Psychology
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
affordances, transitions, movement patterns, landing mechanics, momentum
Resumen
Available behaviors are determined by the fit between features of the individual and reciprocal features of the environment. Beyond some critical boundary certain behaviors become impossible causing sudden transitions from one movement pattern to another. Parkour athletes have developed multiple movement patterns to deal with their momentum during landing. We were interested in whether drop distance would cause a sudden transition between a two-footed (precision) landing and a load-distributing roll and whether the transition height could be predicted by dynamic and geometric characteristics of individual subjects. Kinematics and ground reaction forces were measured as Parkour athletes stepped off a box from heights that were incrementally increased or decreased from 0.6 to 2.3 m. Individuals were more likely to roll from higher drops; those with greater body mass and less explosive leg power, were more likely to transition to a roll landing at a lower height. At some height a two-footed landing is no longer feasible but for some athletes this height was well within the maximum drop height used in this study. During low drops the primary task constraint of managing momentum could be achieved with either a precision landing or a roll. This meant that participants were free to select their preferred landing strategy, which was only partially influenced by the physical demands of the task. However, athletes with greater leg power appeared capable of managing impulse absorption through a leg mediated strategy up to a greater drop height.
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Special Physical Preparation of High Schoolers for Performing Parkour Exercises
Autor
Kravchuk & Trostianskyi
2017
|
Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Ucraniano
Palabras clave
abilities, coordination, parkour, strength, high schoolers, physical training, speed
Resumen
The objective is to ground and develop a methodology of special physical preparation of high schoolers for performing parkour elements, and to experimentally verify its effectiveness. Materials and methods: Kharkiv secondary school No. 84 served as the grounds for the study. The participants in the study were boys aged 15-17: 10 persons – in the reference group, and 10 persons – in the experimental group. The methods of the study: theoretical analysis and collation of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observation; video recording; biomechanical analysis; talks with experts; pedagogical experiment; mathematical and statistical methods of research materials processing. Results: The experimental group showed positive improvement in the balancing technique from 3.5 points before the experiment to 6.3 after the experiment (p < 0.05); a considerable increase in points in the jumping technique, including jumps onto the wall bars hand-gripping its edge, jumps into landing with a roll, and jumps over obstacle – from 2.9, 4.2 and 4.6 points respectively at the beginning of the experiment to 5.9, 6.7 and 7.8 points respectively after the experiment (p < 0.05); positive significant improvement in the wall bars running results – from 3.2 points at the beginning of the experiment to 6.7 after the experiment (p < 0.05). Conclusions: special sets of exercises have been designed to develop and improve these abilities in parkour, and the effectiveness of the designed methodology has been experimentally verified. The study has proved that, when used in physical training of high schoolers, the special sets of exercises intended to develop parkourists’ speed, strength and coordination abilities contribute to a significant increase in the level of the technique of execution of the main parkour elements.
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Perfil antropométrico, condición física y diferencias por nivel de rendimiento en practicantes de Parkour
Autor
Abellán-Aynés & Alacid
2016
|
Archivos de Medicina del Deporte
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Español
Palabras clave
Parkour, rendimiento, antropometría
Resumen
Introducción: Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron determinar el perfil antropométrico y condición física de los practicantes de Parkour y establecer diferencias en función del nivel de rendimiento.
Método: Trece practicantes de Parkour participaron en este estudio. Se valoró la agilidad, extensibilidad isquiosural, distancia de salto horizontal, altura de salto vertical, potencia de salto vertical, estimación del consumo de oxígeno máximo, composición corporal y somatotipo con un batería de seis test. Se llevó a cabo, además, un test específico que simulaba una situación de competición para establecer los dos grupos (A: mayor rendimiento; B: menor rendimiento) en función de los resultados obtenidos.
Resultados: Los grupos A y B obtuvieron, respectivamente, un somatotipo de 1,7-5,3-2,5 y 2,2-4,2-2,8; 7,50 ± 0,52 y 8,67 ± 2,13% en porcentaje de masa grasa; 47,44 ± 2,03 y 45,91 ± 2,68% en masa muscular esquelética; 12,47 ± 0,70 y 12,53 ± 1,21% en masa ósea; 72,80 ± 11,01 y 55,19 ± 6,06 ml•Kg-1•min-1 en consumo máximo de oxígeno estimado; 14,36 ± 0,47 y 15,29 ± 0,44 s en el test de Illinois (agilidad); 13,77 ± 5,20 y 7,86 ± 12,70 cm en sit and reach; 50,09 ± 3,47 y 37,19 ± 4,82 cm en altura de salto vertical; 2.820,84 ± 453,72 y 2.105,84 ± 237,24 W en potencia de salto vertical y 2,97 ± 0,71 y 2,60 ± 0,22 m en distancia de salto horizontal. Comparando ambos grupos, el A obtuvo valores significativamente inferiores en ectomorfia y superiores en mesomorfia, estimación del consumo máximo de oxígeno, agilidad, distancia de salto horizontal, potencia y altura de salto vertical.
Conclusiones: Tras determinar el perfil antropométrico y condición física, observamos que el salto vertical se presentó como el parámetro más importante en el rendimiento en Parkour, además de otras variables como el consumo máximo de oxígeno, la potencia de salto vertical, la distancia de salto horizontal, la mesomorfia y la ectomorfia.
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Comparación de los componentes de la aptitud física que caracterizan al parkour en un grupo de practicantes costarricenses según los años de entrenamiento
Autor
Solano
2016
|
Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica
Tipo de publicación
Trabajo Fin de Grado/Máster o similar
Idioma
Español
Palabras clave
Resumen
Compara los componentes de la aptitud física y la influencia de los años de entrenamiento, en un grupo de practicantes de parkour. La muestra fue de 18 sujetos de género masculino. Se midieron las siguientes variables antropométricas: talla, peso, masa músculo esquelética, masa grasa, índice de masa corporal; y para evaluar la aptitud física, las pruebas que se aplicaron fueron: sit and reach modificada, salto horizontal a pies juntos, salto de contra movimiento adaptado a miembros superiores, salto partiendo de media sentadilla, salto de contra movimiento, salto vertical desde una caída de altura, salto vertical con gesto técnico de parkour y saltos continuos con una duración 15 seg. No se encontró diferencia significativa entre los grupos en ninguna de las variables relacionas a la composición corporal. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las pruebas de salto horizontal de pies juntos y en la prueba salto de contra movimiento adaptado a miembros superiores. Los resultados encontrados sugieren, que la composición corporal manifestada en los atletas de parkour no se ve influenciada por años de práctica, sino, por las demandas físicas que exige esta actividad; en caso contrario, el rendimiento en la pruebas de aptitud física aplicadas en este estudio, se encontró, que los años de práctica y la experiencia acumulada por el entrenamiento, van a influir en el rendimiento de los atletas analizados.
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Effects of Cycling versus Running Training on Sprint and Endurance Capacity in Inline Speed Skating
Autor
Stangier et al.
2016
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Journal of Sports Science & Medicine
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Aerobic metabolism; all-out sprint test; blood glucose concentration.
Resumen
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of running versus cycling training on sprint and endurance capacity in inline speed skating. Sixteen elite athletes (8 male, 8 female, 24 ± 8 yrs) were randomly assigned into 2 training groups performing either 2 session per week of treadmill running or ergometer cycling in addition to 3 skating specific sessions (technique, plyometrics, parkour) for 8 weeks. Training intensity was determined within non-specific (cycling or running) and effects on specific endurance capacity within a specific incremental exercise test. Before and after the intervention all athletes performed a specific (300m) and one non-specific (30s cycling or 200m running) all-out sprint test according to the group affiliation. To determine the accumulation of blood lactate (BLa) and glucose (BGL) 20 μl arterialized blood was drawn at rest, as well as in 1 min intervals for 10 min after the sprint test. The sport-specific peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) was significantly increased (+17%; p = 0.01) in both groups and highly correlated with the sprint performance (r = -0.71). BLa values decreased significantly (-18%, p = 0.02) after the specific sprint test from pre to post-testing without any group effect. However, BGL values only showed a significant decrease (-2%, p = 0.04) in the running group. The close relationship between aerobic capacity and sprint performance in inline speed skating highlights the positive effects of endurance training. Although both training programs were equally effective in improving endurance and sprint capacities, the metabolic results indicate a faster recovery after high intensity efforts for all athletes, as well as a higher reliance on the fat metabolism for athletes who trained in the running group. Key pointsIn addition to a highly developed aerobic performance inline speed skaters also require a highly trained anaerobic capacity to be effective in the sprint sections such as the mass start, tactical attacks and finish line sprint.An 8-week low-intensity endurance training program of either cycling or running training combined with additional routine training improves classical aerobic characteristics (17% increase of VO2 peak), as well as values for acceleration and speed.Athletes who trained in the running group demonstrated a higher reliance on the fat metabolism in the sport-specific post-testing.The significant reduction in anaerobic ATP turnover during repeated sprints appears to be partially compensated by an increase in VO2 in subsequent sprint. The results revealed a close relationship between the aerobic capacity and sprint performance in inline speed skating.
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Parkour-Freerunning as a pathway to Prosocial Change. A Theoretical Analysis
Autor
Herrmann
2016
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Victoria University of Wellington
Tipo de publicación
Trabajo Fin de Grado/Máster o similar
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Resumen
Parkour/freerunning is a training method for overcoming physical and mental obstacles, and has been proposed as a unique tool to engage youth in healthy leisure activities (e.g., Gilchrist & Wheaton, 2011). Although practitioners have started to utilise parkour/freerunning in programmes for youth at risk of antisocial behaviour, this claim is insufficiently grounded in theory and research to date. In fact, the common misrepresentation of the practice in the media has led to confusion and debate about the nature of parkour/freerunning. In a conceptual and historical analysis, I explore what parkour/freerunning is, and how it can impact on the practitioner. Results from the analysis reveal values, goals and assumptions that parkour/freerunning is built upon, as well as a set of physical, mental, socio-moral and cognitive-behavioural skills developed through the practice. As illustrated by its history, parkour/freerunning has emerged as a highly versatile tool for self-development and change. These insights are used to discuss how parkour/freerunning relates to contemporary frameworks of offender rehabilitation. A comparative analysis demonstrates that parkour/freerunning is largely capable of meeting the standards of rehabilitation practice guided by the Risk-Need-Responsivity model. Moreover, key goals, assumptions and general approach in parkour/freerunning are naturally in line with those in the Good Lives Model of offender rehabilitation. The major overlaps of parkour/freerunning with both frameworks suggest that the practice can increase the individual’s capacity to live a healthy and prosocial life, and reduce the risk of reoffending. Particularly when applied within the GLM, parkour/freerunning offers a pathway to identity formation and transformation. Although this claim is in need of further exploration, I propose that parkour/freerunning can be utilised to enhance the practice of offender rehabilitation as an engaging and easily accessible tool for prosocial change.
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Parkour actividad física alternativa, potencializadora de estilos de vida saludables
Autor
Rodríguez
2015
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Universidad Pedagógica Nacional
Tipo de publicación
Trabajo Fin de Grado/Máster o similar
Idioma
Español
Palabras clave
Resumen
Trabajo de grado que busca por medio de actividades físicas alternativas, como es el caso del parkour, desarrollar una consciencia sobre el estilo de vida activo y saludable. A partir de una construcción pedagógica desde la educación física para entornos informales, atendiendo las necesidades de una sociedad que genera estados de emergencia en los sujetos. Con la intensión de posibilitar la construcción de herramientas en el sujeto que permitan optar por un estilo de vida saludable y activo, posibilitando el desarrollo del ser humano en todo momento y influenciado por su entorno.
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Multiple unilateral traumatic carotid-cavernous sphenoid sinus fistulas with associated massive epistaxis: A consequence of parkour
Autor
Harrison et al.
2015
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Ochsner Journal
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Aneurysm–false, carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, embolization–therapeutic, trauma–nervous system
Resumen
Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) present the clinician with diagnostic and surgical challenges. Extension of a CCF into the sphenoid sinus presents additional management difficulties. Endovascular interventions using various thrombogenic materials such as balloons, coils, or liquids are effective treatment strategies. Ideally, these techniques are used to obliterate the fistula while maintaining the patency of the parent artery.
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A comparison of the habitual landing strategies from differing drop heights of parkour practitioners (Traceurs) and recreationally trained individuals
Autor
Standing & Maulder
2015
|
Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Kinetics; Parkour; dissipation; forefoot; kinematics.
Resumen
Parkour is an activity that encompasses methods of jumping, climbing and vaulting. With landing being a pertinent part of this practise, Parkour participants (traceurs) have devised their own habitual landing strategies, which are suggested to be a safer and more effective style of landing. The purpose of this study was to compare the habitual landing strategies of traceurs and recreationally trained individuals from differing drop heights. Comparisons between landing sound and mechanical parameters were also assessed to gauge the level of landing safety.
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Angular momentum regulation strategies for highly dynamic landing in Parkour
Autor
Maldonado et al.
2017
|
Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Postural control; center of mass; centroidal momentum; stability; whole-body motion
Resumen
URL
Chronic effect of strength training on vertical jump performance in parkour practitioners
Autor
Da Rocha
2017
|
Archives of Budo Science of Martial Arts and Extreme Sports
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
strength training, vertical jump, Parkour, Extreme Sports
Resumen
Background & Study Aim: Parkour is a typical extreme form of physical activity (EFPA), commonly extreme sport. Parkour can be characterised as a high-intensity sport that demands motor actions like different jump techniques (vertical, horizontal, plyometric, long jumps), running, climbing, crawling and balancing. The aim of the present study was the effects of eight weeks of strength training on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in parkour practitioners. Material & Methods: Twenty parkour practitioners without any systematic strength training program experience were distributed into 2 groups. The strength training group (SG) performed strength, and conventional parkour training and the control group (CG) only performed the conventional parkour training. Both types of training were performed 2 times per week. Results: The SG practitioners presented a significant increase in CMJ height (p = 0.000194), while the CG did not present a significant increase (p = 0.138). All SG practitioners showed a percentage increase in CMJ height, with a mean variation of 9.9 +/- 0.9%. Conclusions: Strength training increases the vertical jump height of parkour practitioners, which can positively influence performance in this modality. Therefore, the association of strength training with load protocol for muscular hypertrophy can increase the performance in parkour and should, therefore, be encouraged to the practitioners of this modality.
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Bridging the gap: parkour athletes provide new insights into locomotion energetics of arboreal apes
Autor
Halsey et al.
2016
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Biology letters
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
climb; jump; locomotion; metabolic rate; primate; tree-sway.
Resumen
The tree canopy is an energetically challenging environment to traverse. Along with compliant vegetation, gaps in the canopy can prove energetically costly if they force a route-extending detour. Arboreal apes exhibit diverse locomotion strategies, including for gap crossing. Which one they employ in any given scenario may be influenced by the energy costs to do so, which are affected by the details of the immediate environment in combination with their body size. Measuring energetics of arboreal apes is not tractable; thus our knowledge in this area is limited. We devised a novel, custom-made experimental set-up to record the energy expenditure of parkour athletes tree-swaying, jumping and vertical climbing. The latter strategy was vastly more expensive, indicating that when energy economy is the focus arboreal apes will prioritize routes that limit height changes. Whether tree-swaying or jumping was most economical for the athletes depended upon interactions between tree stiffness, the distance to cross, number of tree-sways required and their own mass. Updated analysis of previous interspecific correlations suggests that whether the relative costs to vertical climb are size-invariant across primate species is complicated by details of the climbing context.
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Energy Drinks Do Not Improve Le Parkour Performance: A Randomized Controlled Study
Autor
Madureira et al.
2016
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Food and Nutrition Sciences
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Caffeine, Double Blind Balanced Design, Sports Performance, Stimulant Drinks
Resumen
Le Parkour is a sport where the athletes transpose common day-to-day obstacles in the best possible way. This sport demands elements like strength, focus and decision making; elements supposedly affected by energy drinks, with performance improvement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of energy drink ingestion on Le Parkour athlete’s performance. Twelve male amateur athletes, mean age of 23.5 ± 2.74, took part in this randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Subjects were randomly assigned to drink: 250 ml of energy drink, 500 ml of energy drink or placebo. Forty minutes after the beverage consumption, they were evaluated in a specific circuit performance test (time to complete the circuit) followed by a perceived exertion and a circuit technical difficulty evaluation. We also evaluated heart rate in 3 different moments: rest, pre-circuit and post-circuit. All variables were collected in 3 different experimental days. Time, perceived exertion and technical difficulty were higher in the first day compared to the others. Heart rate did not show a difference when we compared the days. Drinking one or two cans of an energy drink did not improve performance of Le Parkour athletes in a sport specific test. It also did not change heart rate or perceived exertion.
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Feasibility and students’ preliminary views on parkour in a group of primary school children
Autor
Fernández-Río & Suarez
2016
|
Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
adventure education, physical education, cooperative learning
Resumen
Adventure education is an instructional model where students participate in adventurous activities to acquire physical, cognitive, and affective skills. It also has strong connections with cooperative learning. Parkour is a fast-growing sport practiced by thousands of youngsters all over the world. The media does not portray it as an educational content, but resourcefulness, maturity, cooperation, and respect are among its basic principles. It also appears to have a direct connection with risk-taking, self-discipline, and autonomy. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to assess students' ideas, views, and/or feelings after experiencing a parkour learning unit.
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Parkour: Mensuração do metabolismo energético e morfofisiológico de seus praticantes
Autor
Andrade et al.
2016
|
Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Portugués
Palabras clave
exercício; análise química do sangue; metabolismo energético.
Resumen
Introdução: O parkour é uma atividade que utiliza o próprio corpo para deslocar-se de um ponto a outro no ambiente. Objetivo: Analisar o comportamento do metabolismo energético e do sistema cardiorrespiratório durante uma sessão de parkour. Método: Foram avaliados 18 indivíduos praticantes da modalidade. O comportamento do metabolismo energético durante uma sessão de parkour foi avaliado por meio da frequência cardíaca (FC), lactato e glicose. Resultados: Os resultados indicaram que a FC média durante a sessão de treino foi de 167,64 ± 7,05 bpm representando 84,36 ± 3,52 %. O lactato inicial foi de 4,49 ± 3,08 mmol/L e o final de 9,23 ± 3,08 mmol/L onde p-valor para as variáveis foi de p = 0,0007. A glicose inicial foi de 73,6 ± 20,71 mg/dL e final de 76,06 ± 20,20 mg/dL assumindo um p-valor de p = 0,7408. Em se tratando da composição corporal, o percentual de gordura foi de 8,78 ± 2,82 %, a dobra que mais apresentou acúmulo de gordura foi do abdômen 12,32 ± 5,69 mm. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a modalidade parkour tem predominância do metabolismo anaeróbio glicolítico, com suporte do metabolismo aeróbio. Além disso, devido à especificidade da modalidade, seus praticantes possuem baixo percentual de gordura.
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Performance characteristics of Parkour practitioners: Who are the traceurs?
Autor
Grosprêtre & Lepers
2016
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European Journal of Sport Science
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Gymnastics; counter movement jump; drop jump; eccentric; squat jump; standing long jump.
Resumen
Parkour is a modern physical activity that consists of using the environment, mostly urban, as a playground of obstacles. The aims of this study were (i) to investigate age, anthropometric and training characteristics of Parkour practitioners, called 'traceurs' and (ii) to assess jump performances and muscular characteristics of traceurs, compared to those of gymnasts and power athletes. The mean age of the population of traceurs studied (n = 130) was 19.4 ± 4.3 years, women represented 12.4% of the total field and mean training volume was 8.1 ± 0.5 hours/week. Vertical and long jump performances were analysed on smaller samples of participants (four groups, n = 15 per group); and eccentric (-90° s(-1), -30° s(-1)), concentric (30° s(-1), 90° s(-1)) and isometric knee extensors torques were evaluated by means of an isokinetic dynamometer. Traceurs showed greater (P < .01) drop jump performance (64.9 ± 1.5 cm) than gymnasts (60.9 ± 1.1 cm) and greater (P < .001) counter movement jump with arms (59.2 ± 1.5 cm) than power athletes (53.0 ± 1.4 cm). Standing long jump performances were greater (P < .05) for traceurs (282.7 ± 5.2 cm) compared to other athletes (gymnasts: 273.9 ± 7.3 cm; power athletes: 261.3 ± 6.7 cm). Eccentric knee extension torques were greater (P < .05) for traceurs compared to other athletes. This study revealed that Parkour training induces major development of jump and muscular skills. The use of such training has several practical applications as it provides a better resistance to high eccentric load and helps reinforce musculoskeletal structures.
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Evidence of dynamic postural control performance in parkour landing
Autor
Maldonado et al.
2015
|
Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Stability; center of pressure; time to stabilization
Resumen
URL
Changes of motor-control strategies in precision jump according to distance constraints
Autor
Pagnon & Martin
2015
|
ISB 2015 - XXV Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics 2015
Tipo de publicación
Publicación en congreso
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Resumen
URL
DUNT. "Deportes urbanos y nuevas tendencias"
Autor
Vargas et al.
2015
|
Secretaría de Cultura, Recreación y Deporte de Colombia
Tipo de publicación
Libro
Idioma
Español
Palabras clave
Resumen
Las ciudades que han invertido en el modelo de ciudad donde el centro de desarrollo es el ser humano, han sido ciudades progresistas que han avanzado en la inclusión, la no segregación y la defensa de las libertades. El espacio público revitalizado y democratizado implica prácticas deportivas y culturales donde se abre espacio a diferentes expresiones y representaciones urbanas que como las nuevas tendencias del deporte, se viven de manera creciente configurándose en expresiones ciudadanas que se han denominado “nuevas ciudadanías”.
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