HEALTH SCIENCES | Episteme Parkour 6/6

CIENCIAS

DE LA SALUD

Ground reaction forces and loading rates associated with parkour and traditional drop landing techniques

Puddle & Maulder

2013

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

Artículo de revista

Inglés

Kinetics, absorption, forefoot, roll.

Due to the relative infancy of Parkour there is currently a lack of empirical evidence on which to base specific technique instruction upon. The purpose of this study was to compare the ground reaction forces and loading rates involved in two Parkour landing techniques encouraged by local Parkour instructors and a traditional landing technique recommended in the literature. Ten male participants performed three different drop landing techniques (Parkour precision, Parkour roll, and traditional) onto a force plate. Compared to the traditional technique the Parkour precision technique demonstrated significantly less maximal vertical landing force (38%, p < 0.01, ES = 1.76) and landing loading rate (54%, p < 0.01, ES = 1.22). Similarly, less maximal vertical landing force (43%, p < 0.01, ES = 2.04) and landing loading rate (63%, p < 0.01, ES = 1.54) were observed in the Parkour roll technique compared to the traditional technique. It is unclear whether or not the Parkour precision technique produced lower landing forces and loading rates than the Parkour roll technique as no significant differences were found. The landing techniques encouraged by local Parkour instructors such as the precision and roll appear to be more appropriate for Parkour practitioners to perform than a traditional landing technique due to the lower landing forces and loading rates experienced.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761764/

Personality, self-efficacy and risk-taking in parkour (free-running)

Merritt & Tharp

2013

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Artículo de revista

Inglés

High-risk sports, big five, traits, mediation, neuroticism, conscientiousness

To assess the effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between personality and risk-taking in parkour/free-running, a growing high-risk sport.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1469029213000241

A free-runninig case of study

Warren et al.

2013

Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences

Artículo de revista

Inglés

case study: Free-running: profiling: training

Free-running has recently spread over the digital media and has since become an official sport. Despite this increase in popularity there is no peer-reviewed literature on the physiology and anthropometry of the athletes or the physical demands of the sport. This study aimed to define free-running and explore some of the physiological characteristics of the athletes and the sport, by undertaking the assessment of anthropometric data and vertical jump performance in 7 free-runners; in addition, GPS information was gathered from 3 training sessions for one free-runner. The free-runners in the present study displayed high power output as result of high vertical jump performance. They also displayed low levels of body fat and low body mass. The GPS data illustrated that free-running is an intermittent sport relying heavily on the phosphagenic energy system; therefore, free-runners should focus their training utilising this energy system. Another outcome from the research is the suggestion that future studies should trial different equipment to monitor the physiological demands and intensity of the sport due to particularly high-intensity short bursts of energy utilised. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258125652_A_FREE-RUNNING_CASE_STUDY

Determining the social and psychological reasons for the emergence of parkour and free running ‒ An interpretive phenomenological analysis

Wallace

2013

University of Salford

Tesis doctoral o similar

Inglés

Parkour, free running, self-improvement, endurance, discipline, strength, Flexibility and balance.

Parkour and free running are newly emerged high risk urbanised activities still relatively understudied. They don't appear to be subject to rules and regulations with aims and objectives being unclear. There are no distinct signs of competition and yet competitors are extremely trained, highly ordered, thriving on the danger and adrenaline participation produces. The participants perform dangerous gymnastic movements utilising awkward obstacles without the use of protective clothing and don't appear to be concerned with the welfare of people in the vicinity. The activities are associated with self-improvement, endurance, discipline, strength, flexibility and balance. Parkour and free running videos are frequently posted on the self-broadcast website, YouTube. Here participants can be seen leaping from high buildings, climbing walls and jumping between handrails. This study presents the results of a phenomenological study of eight parkour and free running participants. A systematic IPA procedure was incorporated into the study to enter into a participant's reality to obtain experiences of parkour and free running. Through IPA interviews participants describe their experiences of the phenomenon being studied. It was discovered that participation provides emotional, physical and psychological development, health benefits, the development of new skills (e.g., pushing personal boundaries), an increased sense of individuality, an opportunity to acquire status and develop a new personal identity, the generation of personal meaning (philosophy, spirituality and aesthetics) and an increased sense of belonging (distinct group norms, subculturally shared experiences and a unique sense of authenticity). The participants explained that they were initially motivated by thrill seeking, risk, improved health and enjoyment. They asserted that participation provides physical and mental training, a sense of mastery and personal challenge. Regular practise and commitment furnishes a participant with a sense of being in the present and a deepened sense of spirituality and enjoyment. The unique characteristics of parkour and free running (e.g., philosophy, environment, spirituality, perception and aesthetics) are linked to the characteristics of extreme sport which indicates that parkour and free running are part of a counter culture.

https://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/30813/1/determining_the_social_and_pschological.pdf

Parkour: Das grosse Theorie- und Praxisbuch

Holzmüller

2013

Meyer & Meyer

Libro

Alemán

Parkour ist inzwischen in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung angekommen und zu einem Bestandteil der anerkannten Sportwelt geworden. Dabei wird es vielfältig gelebt, vermittelt und angewandt. Es spielt keine Rolle, ob im Verein, in der Schule, draußen oder in der Halle. Um in diesem wachsenden Feld die Authentizität der Disziplin sowie ihr einzigartiges Potenzial nicht aus den Augen zu verlieren, soll dieses Buch nun als Orientierungshilfe und Werkzeugkasten für Trainer, Lehrer und Athleten dienen. So werden die wichtigsten Charakteristika der Disziplin herausgearbeitet und in einem ganzheitlichen Lehrkonzept für Parkour vorgestellt. Basierend auf der Geschichte, der Philosophie und den Werten der Sportart, wurden dazu ausgewählte Inhalte aus der Sportwissenschaft sinnvoll ergänzt. So finden sich neben Themen wie der Historie oder möglichen Zielen der Vermittlung auch Kapitel zur Bewegungslehre oder Biomechanik im Buch wieder. Zusätzlich bietet ein ausführlicher und multimedial illustrierter Praxisteil Ideen und Anregungen für Spiele, Techniken und Methoden. Auf diese Art und Weise soll ein umfassendes Verständnis für Parkour erlangt werden, das über eine reine Techniklehre hinausgeht. Vielmehr stehen die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung der Teilnehmer und spannende Anwendungsideen im Fokus. Unterstützt durch zahlreiche aktive Athleten, erfahrene Pädagogen und versierte Sportwissenschaftler beinhaltet dieses Buch also die geballte Ladung an Wissen und Werkzeugen für alle Interessierten – ob Einsteiger oder Profi.

https://www.wog.ch/index.cfm/details/product/118503-Parkour-Das-grosse-Theorie-und-Praxisbuch

Physical fitness profile of Le Parkour practitioners

Leite et al.

2011

Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte

Artículo de revista

Portugés

physical fitness, Le Parkour, physical assessment, health.

The aim of this study was to evaluate physical fitness of Le Parkour practitioners in the city of Curitiba-PR. 13 male subjects (19.46 ± 2.82 years) who have been practicing the activity for more than six months participated in the study. Anthropometry and tests of physical fitness (back-and-forth 20-meter running, 1-minute abdominal, flexion and extension of the arms, vertical and horizontal push, sit-and-reach test and Wingate) were performed. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and are classified based on the reference tables for each test. After evaluating the VO2max, 53.85% of the practitioners were considered "low fitness" and 46.15% presented adequate cardiorespiratory fitness. Regarding strength /abdominal resistance, 46.15% of subjects were classified as "low fitness" and 53.85% as "recommended range". The peak power and average power were considered as "regular" in all subjects. The fatigue index was greater than or equal in 54% of subjects. Flexibility was assessed as "low fitness" in 69.23% of the sample. Assessment of strength / endurance of upper limbs presented 84.62% in the "recommended range". The results from this study suggest that Le Parkour, as an acyclic activity with emphasis on jumping and activities of strength in arms, led best values on tests of dynamic horizontal, vertical and strength of upper limbs. Meanwhile the other variables were below average, which should be considered in the prescription of exercises and the monitoring of individuals during the activity's practice. Further studies with larger samples and training control Le Parkour practitioners are suggested.

https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1517-86922011000300010&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en

Clasificación de las praxis motrices de turismo activo en entornos naturales

Del Toro & González

2011

Acción motriz

Artículo de revista

Español

Turismo activo, Entorno natural, Praxis motriz, Clasificación.

El turismo activo en entornos naturales se caracteriza porque la principal motivación del viajero es la posibilidad de practicar algún tipo de actividad física en entornos portadores de incertidumbre requiriendo al participante o participantes una continua adaptación ambiental para disfrutar al margen de una competición oficial o reglada. El objetivo de este artículo es el de ofrecer una herramienta que permita agrupar el conjunto de praxis vinculadas al turismo activo en entornos naturales de forma homogénea de acuerdo a su estructura interna, para facilitar así su estudio y comprensión. Para ello nos hemos propuesto diseñar una clasificación que se ajuste a la realidad de estas praxis de turismo activo en entornos naturales.

http://www.mdc.ulpgc.es/cdm/ref/collection/amotriz/id/35

Parkour: A New Extreme Sport and a Case Study

Miller & Demoiny

2008

Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery

Artículo de revista

Inglés

public space

Parkour is an extreme sport that has been popular in Europe for a few years. This sport has now made it across the Atlantic and is quickly gaining popularity in the United States. Participants of this activity, known as parkouristes, try to overcome obstacles in their environment in the most efficient manner possible. This can be accomplished by simply jumping or scaling an obstacle, but sometimes this is done in a very acrobatic manner. The sport had a longtime underground following but has now gained media exposure through various television advertisements, and it has even been featured in recent blockbuster films. As a result, many amateurs are attempting to recreate these dangerous stunts without proper protection or guidance. We will review the case of an 18-year-old male who sustained multiple fracture/dislocations of his left foot while practicing parkour. ACFAS Level of Clinical Evidence: 4.

https://www.jfas.org/article/S1067-2516(07)00394-8/fulltext

Comparación del nivel de Habilidades y Capacidades Físicas en jóvenes practicantes de Parkour con alumnos del Sistema Escolar Municipal, Subvencionado y Particular

Ramírez-Sánchez

2008

Universidad de Playa Ancha de las Ciencias y la Educación

Trabajo Fin de Grado/Máster o similar

Español

parkour, habilidad motriz, capacidad física, traceur, aprendizaje significativo

El objetivo de este estudio es conocer y comparar el nivel en que se manifiestan lashabilidades motoras y las capacidades físicas en niños en edad escolar que practican Pk, enrelación a alumnos del sistema escolar, con una muestra constituida por 173 varones, distribuidosen alumnos de Octavo básico, Primero y Segundo medio respectivamente, pertenecientes alsistemas escolar , cuyas edades varían entre los 13 y los 16 años.Se realizaron tres tests, dos de fuerza explosiva de piernas (Detente Vertical, SaltoHorizontal Sin Impulso) y uno de agilidad (Test de Carrera con Obstáculos). Al analizar losresultados obtenidos por los colegios por separados, exceptuando al Pk, podemos concluir que losmás eficientes por test son: el Colegio Nacional, test de agilidad (8,44 seg.), el ColegioChampagnat, test de salto horizontal (2,43 m.) y el Colegio Champagnat en el salto vertical (62cm.). Sin embargo, al momento de comparar los resultados con el Pk, se puede concluir que estegrupo fue superior y constante en todas las pruebas realizadas, obteniendo una media (promedio)de 9.57 seg. en agilidad, 2.26 m. en el salto horizontal y 45.7 en el salto vertical, demostrando asíun mejor rendimiento en el desarrollo de las capacidades físicas y habilidades motorasestudiadas.

https://studylib.es/doc/4821425/compara-cion-del-nivel-de-habilidades-y-capacidades-fisic...

A displaced paediatric metaphyseal fracture of a distal tibia and fibula sustained during Parkour - A potentially dangerous recreation from France

McLean et al.

2005

Journal of Orthopaedics

Cartas al editor

Inglés

Athletic Injuries, Fibula Fractures, Adolescence, Radiography

Fractures of the metaphyseal distal tibia and fibula are not common fractures in children being only the third most common long bone to fracture. According to Rockwood ankle fractures, including the metaphyseal distal tibia, account for 4.4% of all paediatric fractures

http://jortho.org/2005/2/3/e4/index.htm

Parkour: una nueva causa de lesiones internas graves

Vivanco et al.

2013

Anales de pediatría

Artículo de revista

Español

http://digibuo.uniovi.es/dspace/handle/10651/27850

Parkour and the Art Du Déplacement: Strength, Dignity, Community

Thibault

2013

Baraka Books

Libro

Inglés

Parkour, the art of displacement, or freerunning—whatever the name, this new discipline born in the Paris suburbs is rapidly being adopted by people throughout the world. Not satisfied to suffer through urban life, these athletic artists or artistic athletes want to thrive in it, all the while earning dignity by daringly reappropriating three fundamental motor skills: running, jumping, and climbing. Vincent Thibault explores the philosophical and spiritual aspects of the art of movement and offers ideas on health, sports, urban living, and the relationship between the body and the environment. Reflecting on the culture of effort, he also avoids the misguided notion that depicts parkour as just another of those elitist extreme sports, instead providing a thoughtful, lyrical adventure into martial arts and chivalry in an urban setting.

https://books.google.es/books/about/Parkour_and_the_Art_Du_D%C3%A9placement.html?id=tY0KngEACAAJ&redir_esc=y

Parkour - "Art of movemento" and its injury risk

Wanke et al.

2013

Sportverletzung-Sportschaden

Artículo de revista

Alemán

parkour - injuries - causes - type - localisation

Parkour sport is the playfully breaching of obstacles originally not created to get from A to B in the fastest manner. There have been only few publications on injuries in this young and trendy sport mainly performed in urban areas. The aim of this study is to analyse parkour-related acute injuries and their factors.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23860830/

Parkour-Related Death: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Back & Knight

2013

Academic Forensic Pathology

Artículo de revista

Inglés

Forensic pathology, Parkour, Free running, Autopsy, Blunt head trauma, Manner of death

Closely related to free running, parkour is a running sport that aims to traverse the environment as efficiently as possible, and may involve such stunt-like maneuvers as jumping over urban obstacles like benches, scaling walls, and even jumping from rooftops. We report a case of a young adult aficionado of parkour who suffered a fatal head injury from a short-distance fall while attempting a wall-hop and spinning maneuver in which he missed his grip on a railing. An autopsy was performed at the Medical Examiner's Office, with findings of blunt force trauma of the head. To our knowledge, this is the first case of parkour-related death reported in the medical literature, and we propose that this case may represent a prototype for the pattern of injury (i.e., severe blunt head trauma) that could prove fatal to a practitioner of parkour. Despite the seemingly apparent danger of these stunts, review of the medical literature reveals only a handful of reported cases of parkour-related injury. These injured parkour practitioners tend to be adolescent to young adult males, typically with fractures of the distal extremities (hands, feet, radii, and tibias) and clavicles. Finally, another forensically relevant feature of parkour-related death is the potential for difficulty in determining manner of death, distinguishing accident from suicide or even homicide, depending on the circumstances.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.23907/2013.043?journalCode=afpa

Los deportes alternativos y la importancia que tienen para el profesional de cultura física, deporte y recreación

Ayala

2012

Cuerpo, cultura y movimiento

Artículo de revista

Español

Deporte extremo, Deportes urbanos, Ecoaventura, Ecoturismo, DUNT, Tribus urbanas, Parches, Sk8, Traceur, BMX, Parkour.

El presente artículo pretende mostrarles a los estudiantes y profesionales de Cultura Física, Deporte y Recreación la importancia que tienen los deportes alternativos en el ámbito laboral; hay que reconocer que no solo el mundo avanza a pasos agigantados, sino también todas las manifestaciones que se encuentran inmersas en él, como el deporte, específicamente los deportes alternativos, que han evolucionado muy rápido a nivel tecnológico, administrativo, social, cultural, y ambiental. Aunque en la actualidad se encuentra poca bibliografía sobre los deportes alternativos (floorball, indiaca, shuttleball, ultimate y bádminton), hay que reconocer su existencia y el surgimiento de otros nuevos, lo que le exige al profesional de Cultura Física tener conocimiento sobre ellos, con el fin de ser competitivo frente a los profesionales en deporte de instituciones europeas y norteamericanas.

https://revistas.usantotomas.edu.co/index.php/rccm/article/view/1021

Foot pain after parkour in a 31-year-old man

Blanco & Lee

2011

Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine

Artículo de revista

Inglés

Jumping, Adverse Effects, Foot, Pathology, Pain, Fascia

A 31-year-old Asian man presented for evaluation of left foot pain that began on the day before his clinic visit while he was practicing parkour (the physical discipline of training to overcome obstacles within one’s path by using only the human body and objects in the environment). He had no significant medical history. The patient recalled leaping from a platform toward a horizontal bar attached to a wall a few feet away. During the lift-off phase of the jump, he experienced a snapping sensation in his left foot, with subsequent pain in the arch and heel. Immediately after this event, he was unable to ambulate.

https://www.rheumatologynetwork.com/view/foot-pain-after-parkour-31-year-old-man

When walls are no longer barriers: Perception of wall height in parkour

Taylor et al.

2011

Perception

Artículo de revista

Inglés

Through training, skilled parkour athletes (traceurs) overcome everyday obstacles, such as walls, that are typically insurmountable. Traceurs and untrained novices estimated the height of walls and reported their anticipated ability to climb the wall. The traceurs perceived the walls as shorter than did novices. This result suggests that perception is scaled by the perceiver's anticipated ability to act, and is consistent with the action-specific account of perception.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/p6855?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed

Risk-taking behaviour and self-esteem regulation among adolescents: The parkour

Cazenave & Michel

2008

Annales Medico-Psychologiques

Artículo de revista

Francés

The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between general self-esteem, physical self-worth, sport competence, physical condition, an attractive body, physical strength and the involvement in a risk-taking sport: The parkour.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003448708002990

Paediatric fractures sustained in Parkour (free running)

McLean et al.

2006

Injury

Artículo de revista

Inglés

According to its founders Parkour is the art of moving fluidly from one part of the environment to another. It may also be known as: the art of movement, free running, urban-running or obstacle coursing. Parkour consists of finding new and potentially dangerous ways to traverse the city landscape. The activity is a way of using obstacles in one's path in order to perform jumps and acrobatics. It involves the scaling of walls, roof-running and leaping from building to building.

https://www.injuryjournal.com/article/S0020-1383(06)00299-3/fulltext

Bilateral Calcaneal Fractures and ‘‘Free Running’’: A Dangerously Cool Emerging ‘‘Sport’’

CIENCIAS

DE LA SALUD

Ground reaction forces and loading rates associated with parkour and traditional drop landing techniques

Puddle & Maulder

2013

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine

Artículo de revista

Inglés

Kinetics, absorption, forefoot, roll.

Personality, self-efficacy and risk-taking in parkour (free-running)

Merritt & Tharp

2013

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

Artículo de revista

Inglés

High-risk sports, big five, traits, mediation, neuroticism, conscientiousness

To assess the effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between personality and risk-taking in parkour/free-running, a growing high-risk sport.

A free-runninig case of study

Warren et al.

2013

Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences

Artículo de revista

Inglés

case study: Free-running: profiling: training

Determining the social and psychological reasons for the emergence of parkour and free running ‒ An interpretive phenomenological analysis

Wallace

2013

University of Salford

Tesis doctoral o similar

Inglés

Parkour, free running, self-improvement, endurance, discipline, strength, Flexibility and balance.

Parkour: Das grosse Theorie- und Praxisbuch

Holzmüller

2013

Meyer & Meyer

Libro

Alemán

​

Physical fitness profile of Le Parkour practitioners

Leite et al.

2011

Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte