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CIENCIAS
DE LA SALUD
medicina - fisioterapia - actividad física - psicología - etc.
A post-COVID-19 lifestyle sport research agenda: Communication, risk, and organizational challenges
Autor
Smith
2020
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International Journal of Sport Communication
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
community; social media; stakeholders
Resumen
The cancellations and postponements of large-scale organized sport competitions provided the first indicators of the impact that COVID-19 would have on society. During the pandemic, sport media reporting has focused on cancellations. Although not receiving as much media attention, "lifestyle sports,"such as rock climbing, parkour, BMX, kayaking, or skateboarding, were also impacted by COVID-19 in ways that differ from organized team sports. In this commentary, the author draws upon select media reports and subcultural social media posts to highlight two primary impacts of COVID-19: (a) the civic organizational challenges of limiting lifestyle sport participation and (b) the influence on the social and risk-laden experience of these sports. The article concludes by detailing lifestyle sport stakeholder communication, digital sporting communities, the use of social media for organizing lifestyle sport communities, and sport risk communication as fruitful avenues for future research in a postpandemic lifestyle sports.
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Determinants of optimal leg use strategy: Horizontal to vertical transition in the parkour wall climb
Autor
Croft et al.
2019
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Journal of Experimental Biology
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Resumen
This study examined the mechanics of the horizontal to vertical transition used by parkour athletes in wall climbing. We used this task as an alternative to normal running – where the functional options differ substantially – exposing the movement control priorities required to successfully complete the task. Ground reaction forces were measured in several expert parkour athletes and centre of mass trajectory was calculated from force plates embedded in the ground and the wall. Empirical measures were compared with movements predicted by a work-based control optimization model. The model captured the fundamental dynamics of the transition and therefore allowed an exploration of parameter sensitivity for success at the manoeuvre (run-up speed, foot placement, etc.). The optimal transition of both the model and the parkour athletes used a common intermediate run-up speed and appears determined largely by a trade-off between positive and negative leg work that accomplishes the task with minimum overall work.
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Validity and reliability of a new specific parkour test: Physiological and performance responses
Autor
Padulo et al.
2019
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Frontiers in Physiology
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
field test; muscle strength; physiological demands; sport science; testing.
Resumen
Main aim of this study was examining validity and reliability of using a new specific Parkour repeated sprint ability test (SPRSA) for assessing repeated sprint ability while facing obstacles and establishing between-day reliability and sensitivity of SPRSA related to its physiological and performance responses. Thirteen high-level traceurs (three females) performed in random order and twice eight tests for assessing a total of 23 variables: SPRSA (a typical maximal-speed shuttle run interspersed with four Parkour competition-common fundamentals) and seven established fitness tests, core stability, hand-grip, vertical-jump, long-jump, pull-up, 300-m shuttle run (as a field test for anaerobic capacity), and Leger test. Except for muscular elasticity index of vertical jump test (intra-class Correlation Coefficient model 3,1 [ICC3,1] = 0.54 [fair]), fitness tests' ICC3,1s resulted excellent (ICC3,1: 0.93-1.00). SPRSA total time and time of its fastest sprint (SPRSA peak time) were significantly correlated with the majority of core stability (r: -0.79 to 0.59; P < 0.01-0.05), jumping (r: -0.78 to 0.67; P < 0.01-0.05), pull-up tests (r: -0.86; P < 0.01), 300-m shuttle run test total time (r: 0.77-0.82; P < 0.01), and Leger test-estimated VO2 max (r: -0.78; P < 0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the 23 variables led to extraction of four significant components (each due to different variables' combinations), which explained 90.2% of 23 variables' total variance. SPRSA (i.e., total and peak time) showed high reliability (ICC3,1: 0.991-0.998 and standard-error-of-measurement %: 0.07-0.32). Finally, SPRSA showed high sensitivity (smallest-worthwhile-change %: 0.29-0.68). Considering its excellent logical and strong ecological validity, SPRSA may serve as a valid specific field test for Parkour sport. In addition, thanks to its high reliability and sensitivity, this test is suitable for monitoring, evaluating, and programming training processes for Parkour practitioners in repeated sprint ability involving crossing obstacles.
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Tarsal Navicular Fracture in a Parkour Practitioner, a Rare Injury - Case Report and Literature Review
Autor
Karmali et al.
2019
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Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Portugés
Palabras clave
bone fractures, tarsal bones, tarsal joints, sports, orthopedic procedures/methods
Resumen
Tarsal navicular fractures, as well as other midfoot injuries, are rare, and can result in severe impairment if not properly treated. Parkour, a modern sport, is gaining popularity among young individuals in urban areas, and is prone to result in high-energy trauma, which is scarcely described in the literature. The following is a report of a rare case of tarsal navicular fracture in a 17-year-old male, sustained during parkour practice, which was treated successfully with open reduction and internal fixation. The description of the case emphasizes the challenges of its approach; the discussion highlights the treatment options and goals. The case should also raise awareness about the increasing occurrence of these uncommon lesions.
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How parkour enthusiasts scramble up walls
Autor
Knight
2019
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Journal of Experimental Biology
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Resumen
URL
Postural control of Parkour athletes compared to recreationally active subjects under different sensory manipulations: A pilot study
Autor
Jabnoun et al.
2019
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European Journal of Sport Science
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Parkour training; dynamic postural control; proprioception; static postural control; vision.
Resumen
In Parkour activity, the aim is to move from one place to another as quickly and efficiently as possible by running, climbing, swinging, vaulting, rolling, crawling and jumping on tiny obstacles … . Performing these actions places a great demand on the postural control system. The purpose of the present study was to investigate postural control of Parkour practitioners - called Traceurs - compared to recreationally active (RA) subjects in different postural conditions after manipulating the visual and/or proprioceptive sensory inputs. Ten Traceurs (mean experience 5.9 ± 0.9 years; >5 hours per week) and 10 RA subjects participated in this study. We measured the centre of pressure area (CoPA) of the upright standing bipedal and unipedal postures in different postural conditions: on a firm and on a foam surfaces; on an oscillating surface in the sagittal plane and in the frontal plane in eyes open and eyes closed. To evaluate vision contribution, the Romberg index (RI) was calculated. Results showed that Traceurs presented a significant (P < .001) lower CoPA values compared to RA subjects in eyes closed condition, suggesting that they were able to maintain a better balance control when vision is removed. Traceurs seems to be less dependent on visual cues (lower RI values) and proprioceptive inputs for maintaining balance than RA subjects. According to our study, Parkour training (experience for at least five years with a minimum of five hours per week) may improve postural abilities of young adult practitioners in specific postural conditions.
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Effects of 8-Week Strength Training on the Vertical Jump Performance of the Traceurs
Autor
Seyhan
2019
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Journal of Curriculum and Teaching
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Program Effectiveness: Muscular Strength: Physical Activities: Training Methods: Motion: Program Length: Video Technology: Psychomotor Skills: Urban Environment: Human Body: Performance Tests: Computer Software: Athletes: Measurement: Exercise: Athletic Coaches
Resumen
The parkour is a physical activity that contains special technique applications and requires a great number of jumps. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week strength training on the jump heights of the traceurs (parkour practitioners). A total of 12 traceurs, including 6 individuals as the control group and 6 individuals as the strength group, were included in the study. The control group was provided with parkour training sessions twice a week, and the other group provided with both strength and parkour training sessions twice a week. Each participant's vertical jumps were recorded with the high-speed camera in the validated My Jump 2 application. The mean age of the traceurs control group was 19±.89 years, 173.67±4.63 cm, body mass 66.5±5.32 kg; experimental group was 19.5±1.05 years, 175.83±8.86 cm, and body mass 67.67±7.20 kg. Also according to the results, it can be said that a significant increase was observed in countermovement jump (CMJ) vertical jump heights (p=0.028) of the study group at the end of the 8-week strength trainings compared to the control group and that the strength training provided a positive contribution to vertical jump heights. On the other hand, there was no significant difference (p=0.075) in the control group. At the same time, the CMJ height values of the participants who performed strength training increased 4.97±0.09%. Learning of the vertical jump heights, which is an important parameter for successful performance in traceurs, can enable the coaches and athletes to prepare a better training program.
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Caracterización motivacional y de ansiedad precompetitiva en deportes alternativos (urbanos)
Autor
Castrillón Rendón
2018
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UstaSalud: Revista de la División de Ciencias de la Salud,
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Español
Palabras clave
deportes alternativos, ansiedad, motivación, interpersonales, intrapersonales
Resumen
Introducción: Entendemos el concepto holístico de deporte, como el que implica toda forma de realizar actividad física organizada o no, como expresión y/o mejoramiento de la condición física y mental, el desarrollo de la sociedad y el alcance de resultados en diferentes niveles; de inclusión social, integración e igualdad de oportunidades para los ciudadanos en general y para el desarrollo sostenible. Además de su importancia en el mejoramiento de la salud pública mediante la actividad física, el fortalecimiento de la dimensión y función de lo educativo, formativo, social, cultural y recreativo, y el fortalecimiento de las relaciones internas y externas de los países (Consejo Europeo, 2007). La importancia del aspecto psicológico en el ámbito deportivo genera diferentes estudios de investigación dada la trascendencia del rendimiento físico. En el ámbito internacional y nacional se evidencia un interés por practicar deportes nuevos, específicamente en la población joven y universitaria, dichos deportes se conocen como alternativos o urbanos, entre ellos se encuentran: ultimate-frisbee, monopatín - skateboard, parkour, porrismo, BMX urbano, artes marciales mixtas - MMA, capoeira, rugby, entre otros. Estas nuevas formas de deporte, así como el deporte tradicional generan expectativas de éxito en los practicantes, dando lugar a diferentes sensaciones que están infl uenciadas por factores interpersonales e intrapersonales, los cuales son determinantes en las acciones que puedan realizar los deportistas al momento de competir. Objetivo: determinar y caracterizar los aspectos motivacionales y de ansiedad pre-competitiva que manifiestan los practicantes de deportes alternativos en el eje cafetero. Metodología: se hará un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal enmarcada en un paradigma de metodología empírica y por medio del diligenciamiento de cuestionarios aprobados internacionalmente (Escala de Motivación Deportiva (SMS/EMD) y la Escala de Ansiedad (CSAI). Las disposiciones éticas que favorecen el proceso del consentimiento informado serán reguladas por la Resolución 8430 del Ministerio de Salud (1993), además por el Comité de Bioética de la Facultad de Ciencias para la Salud de la Universidad de Caldas. Resultados esperados: se espera que esta investigación fortalezca los procesos investigativos, mejore los procesos de formación de los deportes alternativos en la región y promueva la construcción de artículos científicos publicables en revistas indexadas u homologadas.
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Strategies of Parkour practitioners for executing soft precision landings
Autor
Maldonado et al.
2018
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Journal of Sports Sciences
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Drop jump; eccentric contraction; energy dissipation; sports performance; traceurs.
Resumen
Parkour landing techniques differ from performances of other sports as they are practiced in urban spaces with uncontrolled surfaces and drop heights. Due to the relatively young age of the sport, few studies have tried to understand how practitioners - called traceurs - succeed at performing these dynamic performances. In this paper, we focus on the precision landing technique, which has a fundamental role in most of the Parkour motions. We analyzed the lower limbs motion of traceurs executing the precision landings from two different heights and compared their performance with untrained participants. We found that traceurs perform a soft landing extending its duration twice than untrained participants do [Formula: see text], increasing the range of motion [Formula: see text] and generating more mechanical energy [Formula: see text] to dissipate the impact. In the Parkour technique, the knee accounted for half of the energy dissipated. The peak joint torques [Formula: see text] and power [Formula: see text] were reduced in the Parkour technique. The increase of the landing height did not modify the proportion of individual joint mechanical energy contribution for dissipation. Our results could be used to enhance Parkour performance, and to understand new ways in which sport practitioners can land in order to prevent injuries.
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Injury prevalence across sports: a descriptive analysis on a representative sample of the Danish population
Autor
Bueno et al.
2018
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Injury Epidemiology
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Resumen
Background: Physical activity plays an important role in public health, owing to a range of health-related benefits that it provides. Sports-related injuries are known to be an important barrier to continued physical activity. Still, the prevalence of injuries on a general population level has not yet been explored in a descriptive epidemiological investigation. The purpose of the questionnaire-based study, therefore, was to describe the prevalence of injury in a representative sample of the Danish population. Methods: Two samples of 10,000 adults (> 15 years) and 6500 children and adolescents (7–15 years) were invited to respond to a web-based questionnaire. Of these, 3498 adults (35.0%) and 3221 children (49.6%) responded successfully. The definition of sports injury was time-loss and medical attention-based, inhibiting participants from sports activity for at least 7 days, and/or involved contact with a healthcare professional, respectively. Results: Amongst adults, 642 (18.4% [95%CI: 17.1%; 19.6%]) reported to have had an injury within the past 12 months. Males reported significantly more injuries than females (difference in prevalence proportion: 9.2%-points [95%CI: 6.7%-points; 11.8%-points]). The prevalence of injuries was greatest in running (ninj = 198), football (ninj = 94) and strength training (ninj = 89). Amongst children, 621 (19.3% [95%CI: 17.9%; 20.6%]) had been injured. No difference in injury prevalence proportion existed between boys and girls. The prevalence of injuries was greatest in football (ninj = 235), handball (ninj = 86) and gymnastics (ninj = 66).
Conclusions: Sports injuries seem to be very frequent in Denmark, since a total of 18.4% of the adults and 19.3% of the children reported having had one or more injuries within the past 12 months, equal to either time lost with physical activity and/or contact to the health care system.
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Risk in Lifestyle Sports. The Case of Parkour
Autor
Kidder
2019
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The Suffering Body in Sport (Research in the Sociology of Sport
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Culutre, edgework, neoliberalism, rituals, safety, vocabulary of motive
Resumen
URL
Art du Deplacement (ADD)/Parkour therapy for people with Parkinson's disease (PDP)
Autor
Schwed et al.
2019
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Movement Disorders
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Interventions, Parkinsonism, Rehabilitation
Resumen
The purpose of this study was to transfer ADD training methods into safe training paradigms for PDP, and psychologically framed coping strategies for mood management through integrating the ADD therapy via the Esprit Concrete Method and the Neuroprotective Exercise Protocol (NEP) through the Neurowerkstatt Method
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Comparison of Physical and Physiological Performance Features of Parkour and Gymnastics Athletes
Autor
Seyhan
2019
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Journal of Education and Learning
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Athletics: Athletes: Exercise Physiology: Performance: Body Composition: Human Body: Muscular Strength
Resumen
The purpose of this study was to compare the physical and physiological features of the traceurs with the gymnastics athletes. The study was carried out with twelve volunteer participants (traceurs=6, gymnastics athletes=6). The mean age of the traceurs was 18.67[plus or minus]1.03 years, 172.67[plus or minus]3.78 cm, body mass 62.5[plus or minus]8.94 kg and BMI was 20.98[plus or minus]2.97; gymnastics athletes was 19.33[plus or minus]1.21 years, 175.83[plus or minus]6.18 cm, body mass 65.17[plus or minus]8.06 kg and BMI was 21.11[plus or minus]2.67. Maximal oxygen utilization levels of traceurs and rhythmic gymnastics athletes were 56.13[plus or minus]3.95 ml/kg/min and 57.18[plus or minus]5.33 ml/kg/min respectively, their Illinois test times were 15.22[plus or minus]0.42 sec and 15.33[plus or minus]0.22 sec respectively, their vertical jump distances were 47.41[plus or minus]6.05 cm and 46.48[plus or minus]3.37 cm respectively, their vertical jump power values were 7252.7[plus or minus]1142.73 W and 7026.55[plus or minus]427.62 W respectively, their horizontal jump distances were 2.53[plus or minus]0.61 m and 2.48[plus or minus]0.12 m respectively, and finally, their hamstring flexion angles were determined by using goniometer as the measurement of hamstring flexibility (traceurs = 106.67[plus or minus]4.27[degree]; gymnastics athletes = 121.33[plus or minus]5.36[degree]*), and there was a significant difference between the angles hamstring flexibility of the two groups (*p<0.05). According to the results obtained from the study, it was seen that physical and physiological values obtained from two groups of athletes were very close to each other and no significant difference was observed between these two groups. This similarity can be explained by the fact that the training of these two branches does not differ as structural features. In conclusion, the learning of important performance determinants in athletes, such as aerobic power, flexibility, agility and explosive power, by the coaches and their education in this subject may enable the preparation of a better training program.
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Fratura do escafoide társico em um praticante de parkour, uma lesão rara – Relato de Caso e Revisão da Literatura
Autor
Karmali et al.
2019
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Revista brasileira de ortopedia
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Portugués
Palabras clave
fraturas ósseas - ossos do tarso - articulações társicas - esportes - procedimentos/métodos ortopédicos
Resumen
As fraturas do escafoide társico, bem como outras lesões do médiopé, são raras e podem resultar em incapacidade grave se não forem tratadas adequadamente. Parkour, um esporte moderno, está ganhando popularidade entre os jovens em áreas urbanas, e é propenso a traumatismos de alta energia, sendo estes escassamente descritos na literatura. O presente relato trata de um caso de fratura rara do escafoide társico em um paciente do sexo masculino de 17 anos, ocorrida durante a prática de parkour, que foi tratada com sucesso, com redução aberta e fixação interna. A descrição do caso enfatiza os desafios na sua abordagem; a discussão destaca as opções de tratamento e seus objetivos. O caso também deve alertar sobre a ocorrência crescente dessas lesões incomuns.
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The Effects of Modified Parkour Exercise on Arterial Health and Fitness Components in Elderly Individuals
Autor
Delgado et al.
2019
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Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Resumen
Aging is associated with declines in vascular and muscular functions. It is crucial to reduce the negative effects of aging on vascular and muscular health by implementing appropriate lifestyle interventions, such as exercise training. Modified Parkour Exercise (MPK) has been found to increase agility and balance in elderly individuals. However, the possibility of MPK improving vascular and muscular functions in the elderly is currently unknown.
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Examination of Physical Fitness and Somatotype Features of Parkour Practitioners (Traceur) and Gymnasts in University Education
Autor
Seyhan
2019
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Journal of Education and Learning
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Physical Fitness: Human Body: Athletics: Athletes: Adolescents: Body Weight: Body Height: Body Composition: College Students: Physiology
Resumen
The purpose of this study was to examination the physical and anthropometric features of the traceurs with the gymnasts university education. The study was carried out with university students, male twelve volunteer participants (traceurs=6, gymnasts=6). The mean age of the traceurs was 18.67±1.03 years, 172.67±3.78 cm, body weight 62.5±8.94 kg and BMI was 20.98±2.97 kg/m2 ; gymnasts was 19.33±1.21 years, 175.83±6.18 cm, body weight 65.17±8.06 kg and BMI was 21.11±2.67 kg/m2 . According to the data obtained from traceurs and gymnasts, the somatotype features of the athletes were endomorph (2.70±0.32), mesomorph (4.09±1.70) and ectomorph (3.39±1.67), and endomorph (2.90±0.48), mesomorph (3.83±1.51) and ectomorph (3.49±1.52), respectively. It can be said that the dominant somatotype structures between the groups and within the groups are mesomorphy and ectomorphy in the traceurs and gymnasts. When somatotype features were compared between groups, no significant difference was observed. It is noteworthy that both branches have similar body structures (mesomorphy and ectomorphy). In conclusion, learning of these body structure features that determine and affect the performance by coaches education of athletes that athletes will show that perform successfully only with appropriate body structures and coaches may enable the preparation of a better training program.
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The adaptation to standing long jump distance in parkour is performed by the modulation of specific variables prior and during take-off
Autor
Grosprêtre et al.
2018
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Movement and Sports Sciences - Science et Motricite
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Resumen
The present study aimed at investigating different variables that can be manipulated prior to and during take-off, to execute a specific standing long jump (SLJ) distance, according to jump expertise in parkour practitioners (= traceurs). Fourteen healthy young traceurs were included and separated into two groups: beginners (BEG) and experts (EXP). Firstly, classical vertical jump battery was used to characterize participants arm use and leg efficiency. Secondly, standing long jump (SLJ) performances were analyzed at four distances: 70, 80, 90, and 100% of each participant’s maximal SLJ distance. The force-time curves of the ground reaction forces (GRF) and the center of pressure (CoP) trajectory were measured with a force platform during the jump impulses. Take-off speed, angle and jump trajectory were estimated. For all of the participants, take-off speed and angle, power output, and vertical GRF during jump preparation (counter movement) varied with distance. The EXP group exhibited greater backward CoP excursion, greater arm participation, greater take-off velocity and a greater modulation of take-off angle than BEG group. When comparing jumps of similar distance, EXP exhibited a more curvilinear trajectory with a higher peak than BEG. To conclude, different motor strategies can be adopted based on the jump distance, and these strategies can evolve as parkour experience increases
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On the coordination of highly dynamic human movements: an extension of the Uncontrolled Manifold approach applied to precision jump in parkour
Autor
Maldonado et al.
2018
|
Scientific Reports
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
Resumen
The human body generally has more degrees of freedom than necessary for generating a given movement. According to the motor abundance principle, this redundancy is beneficial as it provides the central nervous system with flexibility and robustness for the generation of movements. Under the hypothesis of the Uncontrolled Manifold, the additional degrees of freedom are used to produce motor solutions by reducing the variability that affects the motion performance across repetitions. In this paper, we present a general mathematical framework derived from robotics to formulate kinematic and dynamic tasks in human movement. On this basis, an extension of the Uncontrolled Manifold approach is introduced to deal with dynamic movements. This extension allows us to present a complex experimental application of the proposed framework to highly dynamic task variables in parkour movements. This experiment involves dynamic tasks expressed in terms of linear and angular momenta. The results show that the central nervous system is able to coordinate such skilled tasks which appear to be preferentially controlled and hierarchically organized. The proposed extension is promising for the study of motion generation in anthropomorphic systems and provides a formal description to investigate kinematics and dynamics tasks in human motions.
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The Reliability of Parkour Skills Assessment
Autor
Dvořák et al.
2018
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Sports
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
obstacle course, objecitivity, krippendorff's, mann-whitney test
Resumen
The aim of the study was to determine the reliability of parkour skills assessment in field conditions. Twenty young men completed three trials of a parkour obstacle course on two separate days. The tested group consisted of 10 beginners (age 16 ± 1 years, body mass = 65 ± 12 kg, height = 177 ± 7 cm) and 10 advanced traceurs (age 18 ± 2 years, body mass = 68 ± 14 kg, height = 178 ± 6 cm). The performance was video-recorded and subsequently analyzed by three raters (total score 0–45). Median and percentiles were used to characterize results from all sessions by all raters. Inter-rater, intra-session and inter-session reliability were assessed using Krippendorff’s α for ordinal data. The Mann-Whitney test was used to assess the differences between beginners and advanced traceurs. Advanced traceurs obtained a total score from 41 to 44 whilst beginners achieved 27 to 33 points. Krippendorff’s α for total score ranged from 0.910 to 0.916 between raters, 0.828 to 0.874 between trials, and from 0.839 to 0.924 between days. The proposed parkour course differentiated two different ability levels and the skills assessment demonstrated excellent reliability between raters, trials, and days.
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Historical investigation and emergence of the exercises and acrobatics that refer to parkour
Autor
Kaimakamis
2018
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PANR Journal
Tipo de publicación
Artículo de revista
Idioma
Inglés
Palabras clave
parkour; acrobatics; military training; hurdles; speed.
Resumen
The aim of this study was to investigate and record all the elements and acrobatics that man has cultivated, from the ancient times until the modern days, but also to make the comparison and the emergence of these elements and their relationship to a sport, which internationally is called parkour. The main features of the above activity is the pass over the various obstacles (natural and manmade) with speed, power and efficiency, using only hands, feet and the whole body. Activities with similar mobility features were cultivated from ancient times through the centuries, in various combinations and for various purposes: in searching for food (hunting), in military training, in sports, in entertainment (acrobatics, dances, circuses, etc.). Elements of parkour are found in the gymnastic methods of great educators-instructors of the 19th century, some of whom are considered to be the informal introducers of parkour. The real basis of parkour was put by the French naval officer Georges Hebert, in the first decades of the 20th century.
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